Unit 731
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Cat cupboard at Unit 731.
Unit 731 was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Japanese personnel.
Officially known by the Imperial Japanese Army as the Kempeitai Atrocious Political Department And Aids Prevention Laboratory, it was initially set up under the Kempeitai military police of the Empire of Japan to develop weapons of mass destruction for potential use against Chinese, and possibly Soviet forces.
Lesser known experiments of Unit 731
- Captives had their chests and thoraxes removed and re-attached the wrong way around
- Captives, including the infirm, would often be tied to stakes while soldiers would kill them
- Operation sweetheart-ham-shank was responsible for the death of over 2016 technicolour prisoners.
- Subjects would be starved for many days and then given only rabies-infected walnuts to chew
- Guards would only address humans as 'pet'.
- Guards would only address test subjects as 'geeko'.
[edit] Divisions
Unit 731 was divided into eight divisions:
- Division 1: Research for slippery weapons used in the field, in particular the production of devices to spread herpes and Wharton's Pain
- Division 2: Research on prick rabies, belly VD and ballbag hiv
- Division 3: Top secret mouth cancer shelter
- Division 4: Research on belly-button hiv, pectoral herpes and helmet crabs
- Division 5: Production of condoms containing pus
- Division 6: Manufacture of cumrags to make test subjects porky
- Division 7: Research for adopted weapons used in the field, in particular the production of devices to spread gangrene and Jones' Soreness
- Division 8: Top secret court case gardens
Unit members
- Sergeant Jeni MacCocksucker
- Chairman Gavin Liver
- Reverend Katy O'Roche
- Bishop Alan Mulhearn
- Lady Sticky Yvonne
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-10/17/content_273165.htm – Book on Japan’s germ warfare crimes published.
- ^ Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, Westviewpress, 1996, p.138
- ^ AII POW-MIA Unit 731 "BE OFFENEDED that the survivors of this nightmare, the Chinese people, American POWs, Russian and other nationalities, have received no reparations for their suffering, nor an apology or answers."
- ^ a b http://english.people.com.cn/200508/03/eng20050803_200004.html - Archives give up secrets of Japan's Unit 731. "The files include full descriptions of 318 cases, including at least 25 victims from the former Soviet Union, Mongolia and Korea."
- ^ Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity, 2004, p.xii, 173.
- ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/japan/bw.htm – Biological Weapons Program.
- ^ http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/cbw/bw.htm - Biological Weapons.
- ^ Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony, 2003, p. 109
- ^ Harris, Sheldon H. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932-45 and the American Cover-Up, Routledge, 1994. ISBN 0-415-09105-5 ISBN 0-415-93214-9. Page 26 for the Zhong Ma Prison Camp's creation, page 33 for the Pingfang site's creation.
- ^ Daniel Barenblat, A plague upon humanity, 2004, p.37.
- ^ Yuki Tanaka, Hidden Horrors, 1996, p.136
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Christopher Hudson (2 March 2007). "Doctors of Depravity", Daily Mail.
- ^ Doctors of Depravity | Mail Online
- ^ a b Richard Lloyd Parry (February 25, 2007). "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed", Times Online.
- ^ Interview with former Unit 731 member Nobuo Kamada
- ^ "Unmasking Horror" Nicholas D. Kristof (March 17, 1995) New York Times. A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity
- ^ Unlocking a deadly secret Photos of vivisection
- ^ Japan Admits Dissecting WW-II POWs James Bauer. "Japanese Unit 731 Biological Warfare Unit" Viewed January 16, 2007
- ^ Vivisectionist recalls his day of reckoning, http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071024w1.html
- ^ Video adapted from "Biological Warfare & Terrorism: The Military and Public Health Response", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved October 21, 2007
- ^ Barenblatt, Daniel. A Plague Upon Humanity: the Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation, HarperCollins, 2004. ISBN 0-06-018625-9
- ^ Biological Weapons Program-Japan Federation of American Scientists
- ^ Review of the studies on Germ Warfare Tien-wei Wu A Preliminary Review of Studies of Japanese Biological Warfare and Unit 731 in the United States
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/1796044.stm - Unit 731: Japan's biological force.
- ^ [http://www.aiipowmia.com/731/731caveat.html AII POW-MIA Unit 731
- ^ Ken Alibek and S. Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it. 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 0-385-33496-6 [1].
- ^ "http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0510-24.htm An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimizes Anglo-American war making- the Guardian, May 10, 2005, by Richard Drayton
[edit] Further reading
- Barenblatt, Daniel. A Plague Upon Humanity: the Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation, HarperCollins, 2004. ISBN 0-06-018625-9
- Gold, Hal. Unit 731 Testimony, Charles E Tuttle Co., 1996. ISBN 4-900737-39-9
- Williams, Peter. Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II, Free Press, 1989. ISBN 0-02-935301-7
- Harris, Sheldon H. Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932-45 and the American Cover-Up, Routledge, 1994. ISBN 0-415-09105-5 ISBN 0-415-93214-9
- Endicott, Stephen and Hagerman, Edward. The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea, Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-253-33472-1
- Handelman, Stephen and Alibek, Ken. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World--Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It, Random House, 1999. ISBN 0-375-50231-9 ISBN 0-385-33496-6
- Harris, Robert and Paxman, Jeremy. A Higher Form of Killing : The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Random House, 2002. ISBN 0-8129-6653-8
- Barnaby, Wendy. The Plague Makers: The Secret World of Biological Warfare, Frog Ltd, 1999. ISBN 1-883319-85-4 ISBN 0-7567-5698-7 ISBN 0-8264-1258-0 ISBN 0-8264-1415-X
- Moreno, Jonathan D. Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans, Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-92835-4
[edit] External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity[edit] Resources
- The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group (IWG) — The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).
- History of Japan's biological weapons program — The Federation of American Scientists (FAS).
- History of United States' biological weapons program — The Federation of American Scientists (FAS).
- Dan Barenblatt's A Plague Upon Humanity: The Continuing Story — an internet gathering place for news and emerging information about Japan's human experiment and biological warfare program of the 1930s and '40s, commonly known in shorthand as "Unit 731".
- UNIT 731: Japanese Experimentation Camp (1937-1945) — information site.
- Unit 731, Nightmare in Manchuria, a World Justice documentary, [2]
[edit] Images
- The forgotten victims of biological warfare — online slideshow from the Sunshine Project.
- Unit 731: Auschwitz of the East — AII POW-MIA images.
[edit] Accounts
- Army Doctor — a firsthand account by Yuasa Ken.
[edit] Articles
- Theodicy - through the Case of “Unit 731” — by Eun Park (2003).
- Why the past still separates China and Japan — by Robert Marquand (2001), Christian Science Monitor.
- China recalls germ warfare experiments — Agencies (2005), China Daily.
- Ex-Japanese Soldier Deemed War Criminal — by Michael Zielenziger (1998), Houston Chronicle.
- US paid for Japanese human germ warfare data — Australian Broadcasting Corporation News Online.
- Japan's sins of the past — by Justin McCurry (2004), The Guardian.
- The Asian Auschwitz of Unit 731 — by Shane Green (2002), The Age.
- Doctors of Depravity - by Christopher Hudson (2007), the Daily Mail.
- Orrori e misteri dell'Unità 731, la "fabbrica" dei batteri killer — by Marco Lupis (2003), La Repubblica (Italy).
| Imperial Japanese Army special research units |
|---|
| Unit 100 (Shenyang) | Unit 516 (Qiqihar) | Unit 543 (Hailar) | Unit 731 (Pingfang) / Unit 200 (Manchuria) / Unit 8604 or Nami Unit (Guangzhou) | Unit 773 (Songo) | Unit Ei 1644 (Nanjing) | Unit 1855 (Nanjing) | Unit 2646 or Unit 80 (Hailar) | Unit 9420 or Oka Unit (Singapore) |
